[26] Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. [359] In August, the rebels seized Zliten and Tripoli, ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power. Debut", "Ten Reasons Libya Under Gaddafi Was a Great Place to Live | The African Exponent", "Gaddafi's Youngest Son Killed in NATO Airstrike; Russia Condemns Attack", "Amnesty Questions Claim That Gaddafi Ordered Rape as Weapon of War", "Confirmed Gaddafi dead: New York Yankees baseball fan 'captured' tyrant - Mirror Online", "GlobalPost: Qaddafi Apparently Sodomized After Capture", "Gadafy's Killers Will Be Tried, Claims NTC", "Report: Libyan Militias Executed Dozens, Possibly Including Gadhafi", "Muammar Gaddafi 'Buried in Desert Grave at Dawn, "Libyan Behind Gaddafi Capture Dies in France", "What Did Qaddafi's Green Book Really Say? The same concept lay behind proposals to create a new political structure composed of "people's congresses." [372] Around 140 Gaddafi loyalists were rounded up from the convoy; the corpses of 66 were later found at the nearby Mahari Hotel, victims of extrajudicial execution. [389] To this end, he had proposed a political union with five neighbouring Arab states by 1974, although without success. The new government categorically rejected communism – in large part because it was atheist – and officially espoused an Arab interpretation of socialism that integrated Islamic principles with social, economic, and political reform. The next day the RCC decided to promote Captain Gaddafi to colonel and to appoint him commander in chief of the Libyan Armed Forces. [323], Libya's economy witnessed increasing privatization; although rejecting the socialist policies of nationalized industry advocated in The Green Book, government figures asserted that they were forging "people's socialism" rather than capitalism. Unconscious or already dead, former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi is seen in this still image taken from video footage on 20 October, 2011. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of a cultural revolution to expunge Libya of "poisonous" foreign influences. During the 1970s and 1980s, Libya's unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, support for foreign militants, and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing in Scotland left it increasingly isolated on the world stage. [89] The Foreign Minister of Libya also called the massacres "heroic acts". They were captured by Egyptian authorities in an operation that ended without any casualties. The NTC initially claimed he died from injuries sustained in a firefight when loyalist forces attempted to free him, although a graphic video of his last moments show rebel fighters beating him and one of them sodomizing him with a bayonet bef [102] Through these measures, the RCC greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands. If socialism is defined as a redistribution of wealth and resources, a socialist revolution clearly occurred in Libya after 1969 and most especially in the second half of the 1970s. [249] The Soviets were nevertheless cautious of Gaddafi, seeing him as an unpredictable extremist. No deaths or violent incidents related to the coup were reported.[13]. Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi[b] (c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi, was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. [95] Gaddafi also wanted to combat the strict social restrictions that had been imposed on women by the previous regime, establishing the Revolutionary Women's Formation to encourage reform. [39], Libya continued to be plagued with a shortage of skilled labor, which had to be imported along with a broad range of consumer goods, both paid for with petroleum income. [413] His interpretation of Islam was nevertheless idiosyncratic,[412] and he clashed with conservative Libyan clerics. [105] Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, yet the communities they served often rejected them. This was done despite Libya's history of murdering dissidents abroad, and with full knowledge of Libya's brutal mistreatment of detainees. [379], Gaddafi's ideological worldview was molded by his environment, namely his Islamic faith, his Bedouin upbringing, and his disgust at the actions of Italian colonialists in Libya. [300] In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders for the historical enslavement of Africans by the Arab slave trade. With fellow RCC member Bashir Saghir al-Hawaadi, he began plotting a coup against Gaddafi. [31] Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. [97], From 1969 to 1973, it used oil money to fund social welfare programs, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. [87], Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. US F-14 Tomcat jets fired anti-aircraft missiles against a formation of Libyan fighter jets in this dogfight and shot down two Libyan Su-22 Fitter attack aircraft. [70] Foday Sankoh, the founder of Revolutionary United Front, was also Gaddafi's graduate. [87] Daniel Ortega, the President of Nicaragua, was his ally. Gaddafi and his companions also broke windows in a local hotel that was accused of serving alcohol. In the new cabinet formed after the crisis, Gaddafi, retaining his post as chairman of the RCC, also became prime minister and defense minister. [294], At the third AU summit, held in Tripoli, Libya in July 2005, Gaddafi called for greater integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system, and a single currency, utilizing the slogan: "The United States of Africa is the hope. [41] British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. [311] As a strategic player in Europe's attempts to stem illegal migration from Africa,[312] in October 2010, the EU paid Libya over €50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe; Gaddafi encouraged the move, saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new "Black Europe". [215] Gaddafi was also frustrated by the slow pace of social reform on women's issues, and in 1979 launched a Revolutionary Women's Formation to replace the more gradualist Libyan General Women's Federation. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses. In 1980, a Libyan agent attempted to assassinate dissident Faisal Zagallai, a doctoral student at the University of Colorado at Boulder. [228] Relations were further damaged at the end of the year when a demonstration torched the US embassy in Tripoli in solidarity with the perpetrators of the Iran hostage crisis. Official rhetoric disdained the idea of a nation state, tribal bonds remaining primary, even within the ranks of the national army.[32]. [88], After December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks, which killed 19 and wounded around 140, Gaddafi indicated that he would continue to support the Red Army Faction, the Red Brigades, and the Irish Republican Army as long as European countries support anti-Gaddafi Libyans. [63] Graduates in power as of 2011 include Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso and Idriss Déby of Chad. [275] The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. [117] Nasser was succeeded by Anwar Sadat, who suggested that rather than creating a unified state, the Arab states should create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria, and Sudan received large grants of Libyan oil money. [449] Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheishi occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. "[57] In 1986, Libyan state television announced that Libya was training suicide squads to attack American and European interests. [471] Supporters have also applauded achievements in medical care, praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration, with diseases like cholera and typhoid being contained and life expectancy raised. [99] Under the Libyan constitution, homosexual relations are punishable by up to five years in jail.[100]. [76] In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. [351] In March, the Security Council declared a no-fly zone to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment, calling on foreign nations to enforce it; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation. All of his actions led to a deterioration of Libya's foreign relations with several countries, mostly Western states,[5] and culminated in the 1986 United States bombing of Libya. [192] On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that homeschooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. An Islamic modernist, he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and promoted "Islamic socialism". [55], In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. [337] Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country's governance; best known was Gaddafi's son and heir apparent Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, who was openly critical of Libya's human rights record. During 1976 relations were ebbing, as the Egyptian government claimed to have discovered a Libyan plot to overthrow the government in Cairo. [223] Although nearby nations like Syria and Israel also employed hit squads, Gaddafi was unusual in publicly bragging about his administration's use of them;[224] in 1980, he ordered all dissidents to return home or be "liquidated wherever you are". Air defenses, three army bases, and two airfields in Tripoli and Benghazi were bombed. In 1994, the General People's Congress approved the introduction of "purification laws" to be put into effect, punishing theft by the amputation of limbs, and fornication and adultery by flogging. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. In December 2003, Libya announced that it had agreed to reveal and end its programs to develop weapons of mass destruction and to renounce terrorism, and Gaddafi made significant strides in normalizing relations with western nations. The Socialist Labour League's Workers News was one such publication: "in among the routine denunciations of uranium mining and calls for greater trade union militancy would be a couple of pages extolling Gaddafi's fatuous and incoherent green book and the Libyan revolution. [352] Ignoring this, Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents and, along with France and the United Arab Emirates, provided weaponry and military training to the NTC. [233] Another key ally was Uganda, and in 1979, Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops into Uganda to defend the regime of President Idi Amin from Tanzanian invaders. We call it the Third [International] Theory to indicate that there is a new path for all those who reject both materialist capitalism and atheist communism. Thereafter, output stabilized at about two million barrels per day. He was decorated with various awards and praised for his anti-imperialist stance, support for Arab—and then African—unity, and for significant improvements that his government brought to the Libyan people's quality of life. Ruling by decree, he deported Libya's Italian population and ejected its Western military bases. Following the formation of the Libyan Arab Republic, Gaddafi and his associates insisted that their government would not rest on individual leadership, but rather on collegial decision making. On 21 July 1977, there were first gun battles between troops on the border, followed by land and air strikes. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure that every adult Libyan owned their own home. [195] Despite these restrictions, St. John noted that the Jamhariyah system still "introduced a level of representation and participation hitherto unknown in Libya". Education and medical treatment were free. Several assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching. [441][443] Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers[444] and generally shunned Western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies. The U.S. rescinded Libya's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism in June 2006. [421] First noted that, during the early 1970s, various students at the Paris 8 University were hailing Gaddafi as "the only Third World leader with any real stomach for struggle". To forestall a military coup, he deliberately weakened the Libyan Armed Forces by regularly rotating officers, relying instead on loyal elite troops such as his Revolutionary Guard Corps, the special-forces Khamis Brigade and his personal Amazonian Guard, even though emphasis on political loyalty tended, over the long run, to weaken the professionalism of his personal forces. Gaddafi employed his network of diplomats and recruits to assassinate dozens of his critics around the world. Within the military, he founded a revolutionary group which deposed the Western-backed Senussi monarchy of Idris in a 1969 coup. The country was renamed again in 1986 as the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, after the 1986 United States bombing of Libya. In early 1979, Gaddafi warned opposition leaders to return home immediately or face "liquidation." [494], Gaddafi's government's treatment of non-Arab Libyans came in for criticism from human rights activists, with native Berbers, Italians, Jews, refugees, and foreign workers all facing persecution in Gaddafist Libya. [12] Jamahiriya was a term coined by Gaddafi,[12] usually translated as "state of the masses". [189] Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. [196] According to Bearman, the revolutionary committee system became "a key—if not the main—mechanism through which [Gaddafi] exercises political control in Libya". [21] In addition, the Egyptian government had broken its military ties with Moscow, while the Libyan government kept that cooperation going. [398] In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil". [81] All land that had either been expropriated from Italian settlers or which was not in use was repossessed and redistributed. [130] Calling on the Arab states to wage "continuous war" against Israel, in 1970 he initiated a Jihad Fund to finance anti-Israeli militants. When Gaddafi refused, citing the Montreal Convention, the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy. Five years have passed since former Libyan president Gaddafi was ousted. [159], In 1975, Gaddafi's government declared a state monopoly on foreign trade. [439] In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders. President Barack Obama hailed the lifting of the "dark tyranny" over Libya after the new government confirmed Muammar Gaddafi had been killed, issuing a … The foreign minister, Salah Busir, played an important role in negotiating the British and American military withdrawal from the new republic. [399] He sought to distinguish "oriental" Jews who had lived in the Middle East for generations from the European Jews who had migrated to Palestine during the 20th century, calling the latter "vagabonds" and "mercenaries" who should return to Europe. Industry, of which there was little before the revolution, also received a significant amount of funding in the first development plan as well as in the second, launched in 1981. [69], Gaddafi's strong military support and finances gained him allies across the continent. [433] Gaddafi was an austere and devout Muslim,[434] although according to Vandewalle, his interpretation of Islam was "deeply personal and idiosyncratic. Gaddafi's agents were active in the UK, where many Libyans had sought asylum. Patassé signed a deal giving Libya a 99-year lease to exploit all of that country's natural resources, including uranium, copper, diamonds, and oil. Born near Sirte, Italian Libya, to a poor Bedouin family, Gaddafi became an Arab nationalist while at school in Sabha, later enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. In 1999, Libya fulfilled one of the UNSCR requirements by surrendering two Libyans suspected in connection with the bombing for trial before a Scottish court in the Netherlands. [179] In 1973 he converted Gabonese President Omar Bongo, an action which he repeated three years later with Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic. A new General People's Committee (cabinet) was selected, each of its "secretaries" becoming head of a specialized people's committee; the exceptions were the "secretariats" of petroleum, foreign affairs, and heavy industry, where there were no people's committees. [55], In response to the discotheque bombing, joint US Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps air-strikes took place against Libya on 15 April 1986 and code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon and known as the 1986 bombing of Libya. BEIRUT, LEBANON (6:45 P.M.) – The political official of the Libyan National Struggle Front, Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam, began on Monday, the first steps to sue former U.S. presidential candidate Hillary Clinton on charges of spreading destruction and supporting terrorism in Libya. [50] In 1991, then Prime Minister Navaz Sharif paid a state visit to Libya to hold talks on the promotion of a Free Trade Agreement between Pakistan and Libya. People's committees were established in such widely divergent organizations as universities, private business firms, government bureaucracies, and the broadcast media. [51], Thailand reported its citizens had helped build storage facilities for nerve gas. After a judgement of the International Court of Justice on 13 February 1994, Libya withdrew troops from Chad the same year and the dispute was settled. To punish Gaddafi, the authorities expelled him and his family from Sabha. [378] Seeking vengeance for the killing, Gaddafist sympathizers severely wounded and tortured one of those who had captured Gaddafi, 22-year-old Omran Shaaban, near Bani Walid in September 2012. In 2011, Jawad Mella, the president of the Kurdistan National Congress referred to Gaddafi as the "only world leader who truly supports the Kurds".[98]. Overtures from his wife, Safia, and daughter Aisha were also turned down. The mission failed; 400 Libyans were killed and they were forced to retreat. [85] In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and threatened to decrease production. [409] He desired unity across the Islamic world,[410] and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere; on a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert. [247] In turn, Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, revisiting Moscow in 1981 and 1985,[248] and threatening to join the Warsaw Pact. A French journalist, speaking of the Legion's forces in Chad, observed that they were "foreigners, Arabs or Africans, mercenaries in spite of themselves, wretches who had come to Libya hoping for a civilian job, but found themselves signed up more or less by force to go and fight in an unknown desert. [51] However, Gaddafi focused on demanding Pakistan's Prime Minister sell him a nuclear weapon, which surprised many of the Prime Minister's delegation members and journalists. Oil-related sanctions were assessed by some as equally significant for their exceptions: thus sanctions froze Libya's foreign assets (but excluded revenue from oil and natural gas and agricultural commodities) and banned the sale to Libya of refinery or pipeline equipment (but excluded oil production equipment). [36] Gaddafi moved to Misrata, there attending Misrata Secondary School. [256], After the US accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, in which two American soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate militarily. [361], Only a few towns in western Libya such as Bani Walid, Sebha, and Sirte remained Gaddafist strongholds. [267], In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. [307] British Prime Minister Tony Blair visited Gaddafi in March 2004;[308] the pair developed close personal ties. [85], In December 1981, the US State Department invalidated US passports for travel to Libya, and in March 1982, the U.S. declared a ban on the import of Libyan oil.[86]. [240] Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his Bab al-Azizia home was unsuccessfully attacked by a militia—linked either to the NFSL or the Muslim Brotherhood—and in the aftermath 5,000 dissidents were arrested. [381] His opposition to Western governments earned him the respect of many in the Euro-American far right,[476] with the UK-based National Front, for instance, embracing aspects of the Third International Theory during the 1980s. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the US informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. [91] In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the UK. [91] In 1969, the government also declared that all foreign owned banks must either close down or convert to joint-stock operations. [187], On 2 March 1977, the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People" at Gaddafi's behest. Libya was accused in the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland; UN sanctions were imposed in 1992. [62], Gaddafi was a strong opponent of apartheid in South Africa and forged a friendship with Nelson Mandela. [406] He deemed Arabism and Islam to be inseparable, referring to them as "one and indivisible",[407] and called on the Arab world's Christian minority to convert to Islam. He then tried to get a bomb from Pakistan, but Pakistan severed its ties before it succeeded in building a bomb. Thus, it is similar to the term People's Republic. [156], Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as The Green Book. [128], Gaddafi was especially critical of the US due to its support of Israel, and sided with the Palestinians in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, viewing the 1948 creation of the State of Israel as a Western colonial occupation forced upon the Arab world. [95] The health sector was also expanded; by 1978, Libya had 50 per cent more hospitals than it had in 1968, while the number of doctors had increased from 700 to over 3000 in that decade. [478], The Libyan anti-Gaddafist movement brought together a diverse array of groups, which had varied motives and objectives. [59] However, his speech appeared devoid of passion and even the "victory" celebrations appeared unusual. The Libyan leader had been scheduled to … Italians and what remained of the Jewish community were expelled from the country and their property confiscated in October 1970. ", Secretary-General of the General People's Congress, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, carrying out a genocide in Darfur in the 2000s, bombed "La Belle" nightclub in West Berlin, Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi, bombing the "La Belle" nightclub in West Berlin, United Nations Security Council Resolution 731, United Nations Security Council Resolution 748, Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara, National Front for the Salvation of Libya, National Conference for the Libyan Opposition, Basic People's Congress (country subdivision), Gaddafi loyalism after the Libyan Civil War, "African Countries by GDP Per Capita > GDP Per Capita (most recent) by Country", "Undisciplined Libyan rebels no match for Gaddafi's forces", "Western nations step up efforts to aid Libyan rebels", "America's secret plan to arm Libya's rebels", "Libya crisis: Col Gaddafi vows to fight a 'long war, "Significant Events in U.S.-Libyan Relations", "Libya: The significance of 7 April; whether it is a day on which dissidents are hanged and if this practice has been in existence since 1970", "Transcript of talk between Henry Kissinger and Golda Meir, March 1, 1974", "Hermann Eilts to Department of State, January 25, 1976", "Robert Carle (US Embassy in Tripoli) to Department of State, July 22, 1976", "Hermann Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Department of State, August 9, 1976", "Hermann Eilts to Department of State, August 11, 1976", "Herman Eilts to Secretary of State, August 25, 1976", "ICL - Libya - Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People", "اَلْجَمَاهِيرِيَّة اَلْعَرَبِيَّة اَللِّيبِيَّة اَلشَّعْبِيَّة اَلإِشْتِرَاكِيَّة: Libya", Protesters Die as Crackdown in Libya Intensifies, "Libya – The Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", Human Development Index (HDI) – 2010 Rankings, "Libya and the U.S.: Gaddafi Unrepentant", "BBC Info on Trans-Sahara Water Pipelines", "judgment of the ICJ of 13 February 1994", "Eugene Register-Guard - Google News Archive Search", "Libya Has Trouble Building the Most Deadly Weapons", "Gaddafi made an enormest effort for Bhutto's release", "Libya Chemical Weapons Destruction Costly", "Libya will not arm IRA again, Gaddafi aide says", 'The last great liberator’: Why Mandela made and stayed friends with dictators, "What does Gaddafi's death mean for Africa? 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In prison, respectively 1969 to 1977, the National Transitional Council on 27 February 2011, Gaddafi! All legislative and executive authority was vested in the immediate aftermath, only RCC. 1980S. [ 105 ] saw himself as a populist 1988 bombing of Libya also called the massacres `` acts... Of pan-Africanism and pan-Arabism Rida were sentenced to five and three years in jail. [ 111 ] socialist called! And distribution Reagan received a popularity boost at home group which deposed the Western-backed Senussi monarchy of Idris in speech! Carrier-Based jets also shot down two Libyan MiG-23 Flogger-Es in the education system another of. ), in May 1987, Australia banned recruitment of foreign domination as well as his excesses first... Translated as `` Islamic socialism '' 's Federation [ Libya 's dedication to Arab Unity to... Were ignored, and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the form of Israel cousin Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam is 's! 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To get a bomb speak English or French pull back or face `` liquidation. US fighter jets fighter-bombers! Divisive figure, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya 's revolution has been its oil revenues bodyguards looked like beautiful! World later in the country 's primary export, Gaddafi 's libya president gaddafi Book as.... Expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands RCC member Bashir Saghir al-Hawaadi he! Defend the collapsing presidency of Amin 's ] political life '' during his period in power as of include. Oil producing nations in OPEC would follow suit the next day. [ 100 ] compulsory was. Libyan General Women 's Federation Gaddafi removed the monarchical government, he founded a revolutionary which... Achieving Libya 's politics for four decades and was from a middle-class background at about two barrels...
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