The cavalry would be deployed on the flanks and the skirmishers out front in a screen. Summary . They approached from opposite sides. Roman C2 was pushed out largely to the centurio level (2 officers roughly equivalent to a modern company-grade officer) who commanded each maniple. With the Karadag range between them, the two armies marched on only generally aware of the other's position, utterly ignorant of the fact that they were just 12KM apart. 5.) Battle of Cynoscephalae:For the earlier battle fought here, see Battle of Cynoscephalae (364 BC). The Cretan troops were almost certainly archers. Cynoscephalae, (Greek: “Dogs’ Heads”), ancient range of hills in Thessaly, Greece, 7 miles (11 km) west of modern Vólos. Let me bring you up to speed on the Battle of Cynoscephalae. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. The battle of Cynoscephalae was a turning point in military history. 8.) This allowed greater tactical flexibility to the Romans. This file contains text that might be in a language different from your own. Two hills of southeast Thessaly in northeast Greece. Philip V was the Great-Great-Great-Grandson of Alexander’s famous general Antigonus I Monopthalmus (Antigonus the One-Eyed), the founder of the Antigonid dynasty. The Battle of Cynoscephalae ( Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V. Phalangites would deploy sixteen men deep. Livy and Polybius also agree that the Romans took about 700 casualties, almost certainly entirely on the Roman left, from the Roman covering force and the main body that reinforced them. We're guided by Polybius' original account of a legion around 4,200 infantry, but also by Livy's account of 2,000 hastati (the front line shock troops of the Roman legion) with Flamininus at Thebes, indicating a larger (possibly by 40%) legion, as Polybius' description has 1,200 hastati. By force of arms it would now give way to the highly trained and disciplined Roman Legion, which would now dominate the … We know that the Roman camp was located down a slope from the Antigonid position, and the general impression (probably incorrectly) given by the sources is that the Cynoscephalae ridge ran in a single, unbroken line east-west between the two armies. You must be logged in as a Bronze, Silver or Gold Osprey member to comment on this post. The Battle of Cynoscephalae (June 197) became famous because Roman legions, commanded by Titus Quinctius Flamininus (the portrait is from the museum of Delphi) defeated king Philip V‘s Macedonian phalanx.The army that had once been the best in the world and had defeated Persian kings, Indian raja’s, and Sogdian nomads, now had to recognize that the legions were better. Cynoscephalae (Boeotia), a town of ancient Boeotia Cynoscephalae (Thessaly), a town of ancient Thessaly Cynoscephalae Hills (Boeotia), a range of hills in ancient Boeotia Cynoscephalae Hills (Thessaly), a range of hills in ancient Thessaly (where the battles below were fought) Flamininus quickly defeated Philip at the Aous River Gorge, by means of a flanking maneuver. Roman Macedonian Where in Thessaly? Like it or not, he was committed to a general engagement. The Aetolians were waved off, and Philip was required to relinquish his conquests in the Balkans, Greece and Asia Minor. He stationed the right of his army behind the war elephants and held them in position, and sent the left half of his army to the aid of his beleaguered covering force. Philip fled to Tempe, where he recovered as many survivors as he could. A lot of good scholarship on Cynoscephalae has been published, perhaps the most famous being a series of pieces by J. Kromayer in 1907, W.K. 9.) Livy and Polybius agree that 8,000 Antigonids were killed and 5,000 captured. Roman consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus entered Macedon with his two Senate-provided legions to confront and dethrone King Philip V in the Second Macedonian War. command was taken up by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, a commander of real energy, if not genius, who drastically altered the course of events. Philip’s alliance with Hannibal earned Rome’s lasting enmity, and was resolved in a stalemate with the Peace of Phoenice in 205 B.C. This is, sadly, not saying much. 3.) The Roman victory in the Battle of Cynoscephalae ( 197 BC ) marked the end of the Second Macedonian War between Rome and Philip V, king of Macedon.The battle is considered one of the best examples of manipular Roman legion superiority over the Macedonian phalanx in terms of flexibility and combat maneuvering. Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 2 mrt 2020 om 16:58. Cynoscephalae synonyms, Cynoscephalae pronunciation, Cynoscephalae translation, English dictionary definition of Cynoscephalae. We received a warm welcome from the Mayor of Fasala, the closest city to the battlefield. The two covering forces bumped into one another, and a skirmish erupted. It features in Rome: Total War as a historical battle. The Battle of Cynoscephalae, fought in 197 B.C., ended the second of Rome’s four Macedonian Wars, securing a place in history for the Roman consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus, checking the power of the Antigonid King Philip V, and imposing a brutal peace that laid the groundwork for the Third Macedonian War against Philip’s son Perseus. Hammond in 1988. This extra help turned the tide and forced the Romans back down the hill, nearly to their camp. But in 198 B.C. Pausanias' Description of Greece discusses the war at length and the battle more briefly. Philip retreated to a safe distance to observe the rout. Battle of Cynoscephalae: decisive battle during the Second Macedonian War (200-197 BCE), in which the Roman general Titus Quinctius Flamininus overcame the Macedonian king Philip V. Philip V of Macedon. As the two armies forged west of Scotussa, they found themselves in a series of broken ridges that blocked line-of-sight, made for a tough march, and perhaps most importantly, were the exact wrong ground to deploy the Antigonid pike-armed phalanx, which required as flat and unbroken ground as possible. 10.) 6.) © 2017 Osprey Publishing Limited. For two hundred years the Macedonian Phalanx had been invincible on the battlefield. Philip received his retreating force, and integrated them on the right of his newly arrived troops, and deployed them double-depth (32 ranks deep). The Romans would have deployed their troops in a triplex acies of three lines—the hastati (green/young men), the principes (more veteran troops), and finally the triarii (hardened veterans). We have Plutarch’s Life of Flamininus in his Parallel Lives, which gives a moralistic retelling from Rome’s point-of-view, 3 chapters from Livy, with all the attendant concerns about his mistranslations and prioritization of drama over accuracy, and 9 chapters from Polybius, who was a client of the powerful Aemili family, and thus positively disposed toward Rome. Livy goes on to debunk the claims of the Roman annalist Valerius Antias, who he says grossly exaggerates the casualties (Livy doesn't tell us if Antias is writing of the Antigonid casualties, Roman casualties, or both) as 40,000 dead and 5,700 taken prisoner. Folks, the bottom line is that Greece is magic, and anyone who tells you that researching ancient warfare is lame is out of their mind. The Roman right pursued the fleeing Antigonid left. Flamininus shadowed the Antigonid king, hoping to force a decisive battle when the ground was suitable. The sources are very clear and almost entirely in lockstep on the composition of the Antigonid army. The initial meeting of the covering forces supposedly took place on top of this ridge, with both forces sending panicked messengers back to their commanders pleading for aid. Philip responded by dispatching his Thessalian and Macedonian cavalry, as well as all his mercenaries (except the Thracians) to reinforce his own troops. For 300 years cavalry used in concert with the spear phalanx had dominated Western battlefields. Flamininus, judging that his left wasn't going to be able to win the battle, transfers himself to his right. If you're following along with Myke, make sure you catch up on his last blog posts: Entry #1: Meet Author Myke Cole as He Blogs His Trip to Greece to Research "Legion vs. Phalanx", Entry #2: Myke Cole's Reading List: The Battles of Cynoscephalae, Thermopylae, and Pydna, Entry #5: Visiting the Aemilius Paulus Monument with Myke Cole. The last line would be armed with a thrusting spear. Contact the author and request a version of this image in a different language. Philip seized the opportunity to strike a secret pact with the Seleucid (another Successor dynasty) King Antiochus III to seize the territory of the child King Ptolemy. The Battle of Cynoscephalae was an accidental engagement, with neither general ready for, nor desiring a pitched battle, fought over terrain that suited neither side. Philip also pursued a war with Athens—at that point a Roman ally. Flamininus responds to his covering force's plea for reinforcements, sending 500 cavalry and 2,000 infantry to assist. Even better, Scotussa was near the road to Palaepharsalus, which meant Philip's army could be in contact with his line of supply to the north, and also perhaps to troops he had garrisoned to the south in Pharsalus. We’re overlooking Lake Plasitras, which is like something out of a fantasy novel, right down to the sheer-faced mountains rising straight from the shore and the butter-colored sun seeming to sink below the surface of the water. Flamininus immediately set out for Epirus, taking 3,000 veterans from the Second Punic War, and ignoring the administrative and ceremonial duties of a Roman consul. Unfortunately, Neither Antias nor Claudius' original annals survive in anything or than fragmentary-referential form. Need a translated version? 12.) The sources give the following evolution of the battle, in this order: 1.) JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. NOTE: Livy says they dropped their pikes and charged with swords, and is widely believed to have mistranslated Polybius. Myke, thanks for the ongoing travelogue. It matches Plutarch's assessment that Flamininus had over 26,000 soldiers, and that the opposing forces were roughly the same size. Battle of Cynoscephalae: | | |For the earlier battle fought here, see |Battle of Cynoscephalae (364 BC)... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. The first two lines would have been armed with 2 javelins each and the short sword. Normally, the left hand projected past the shield rim, allowing the phalangite to wield the pike with both hands. and the Third Macedonian War of 171 B.C. All legionaries would have carried the scutum, an oval shield with a central boss that protected the hand while it gripped a single handle, which also doubled in allowing the shield to be used as a punching weapon. During the march there was a heavy rainstorm, and the morning after there was a fog over the hills and fields separating both camps. Our literary sources for Cynoscephalae are comparatively good when you consider the general state of ancient material. This bought him four months during which the rest of the treaty was negotiated. How did the war start? The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V.. Prelude. Show area … Consuls served for a year, and it's likely that Flamininus was aware of this ticking clock and acting to prosecute the war before it ran out. The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν ) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V. Thessaly, Greece, 197 BC Second Macedonian War Macedonian Light Troops, Reinforced, Push Back the Romans (Polybius 18.22) - See also About Polybius Philip's Camp (See also About Philip V of Macedon) Roman-Allied Greek Cavalry was the decisive battle of the First Macedonian War, and was the first of a series of victories won by Roman legions over the Greek phalanx that ended three centuries of Greek dominance on the battlefield.. )&oldid=55773599, Wikipedia:Geen afbeelding lokaal en wel op Wikidata, Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen, 16.000 soldaten in de falanx, 1500 huurtroepen, 4.000 peltasten, 2.000 lichtbewapenden van. We are on less firm ground for Flamininus, but we do know that the Roman consular army of this period usually consisted of 2 legions, with an equal number of socii (Italian allied troops, usually armed and organized along legionary lines). We also know that legions of this period (including the alae "wings" of the socii) had around 300 cavalry attached to them, which would give a grand total of 28,000 infantry and 1,600 cavalry – 29,600 men. Despite this, Philip resumed his march, and his troops became confused and disoriented due to heavy fog. NOTE: As Polybius tells us that Nicanor had the greater part of the force, it is possible that Philip's right was less than 8,000 men/50% of the phalanx. Flamininus, still unaware of Philip's location, sent out some cavalry and light infantry to reconnoiter, which engaged Philip's troops on the hills. Many historians ignore the writings of the 12th C. Byzantine writer Joannes Zonaras, arguing that he writes too far from the event to be considered a primary source. It was also a contest primarily between two iconic, culturally-representative and distinct formations: the Antigonid phalanx with their twenty-one foot pikes (sarissa), and the Roman legion with their short swords (gladius hispaniensis) and javelins (pilum). Marching blind, Philip sent light troops out to reconnoiter from high ground, at precisely the same time Flamininus sent out "ten squadrons of horse and about a thousand light-armed infantry" (Polybius) with the same purpose. Flamininus, seeing that the forcing back of his force was adversely impacting the morale of his entire force, sounded the general engagement. Philip's chastisement and Aetolian resentment laid the groundwork for the Roman-Seleucid War of 192 B.C., the Aetolian War of 191 B.C. The Antigonid left, not properly formed up, or deployed into phalanx didn't even bother to try to fight. In 196 B.C., Flamininus proclaimed the "freedom of the Greeks" at the Isthmian Games, an event that brought a great deal of positive press for Rome. Observing that the arriving Antigonid troops (under Nicanor) were strung out and disorganized, he ordered his right to charge up the ridge, with the elephants in front. De slag. The Battle of Cynoscephalae (Greek: Μάχη τῶν Κυνὸς Κεφαλῶν) was an encounter battle fought in Thessaly in 197 BC between the Roman army, led by Titus Quinctius Flamininus, and the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon, led by Philip V. 7.) The sources are vague on exact deployment, and we're reliant mostly on modern scholarship to make sense of where the armies deployed and where the battle took place. A year after the Peace of Phoenice, the Successor King Ptolemy IV Philopator (father-loving) died, leaving his six year old son Ptolemy V to succeed him. The combat engaged about 26,000 men on each side. This propaganda move worked, and Rome enjoyed a detachment of Greek sympathy from Philip, transferring to Rome. The Roman victory … This done, Philip marched half his army over the ridge to deliver what he believed to be a finishing blow. 1. De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie. Philip pled his case to Rome, passionately asserting that his actions were not in violation of the Peace of Phoenice, but the arguments fell on deaf ears, and Rome soon had armies on the move in Illyria to protect their allies and bring Philip to heel. Map Description Historical Map of the Battle of Cynoscephalae 197 BC . Enter your email address below to sign up to our General newsletter for updates from Osprey Publishing, Osprey Games and our parent company Bloomsbury. But enough waxing eloquent on Greece. The Phalanx halved its frontage and extended its depth as Livy notes (33.8.14). info@ospreypublishing.com All Rights Reserved. But he must be considered, as it is likely he is filling in gaps left by lacunae in Cassius Dio’s Roman History. Philip, encouraged by reports that the Romans were on the run, committed what he had of his phalanx—approximately 50% or 8,000 phalangites (including the peltasts)—as the other half under his officer Nicanor were out foraging. Initially, over the objections of the Aetolians, who wanted harsher terms, Philip surrendered his younger son Demetrius as a hostage, along with other friends, and paid an indemnity of two hundred talents. Philip had 16,000 phalangites—heavy infantry in full panoply, armed with the long pike, 2,000 "peltasts" (an elite corps of probably phalangites, named for the pelte shield they carried), 2,000 Thracians (armed either skirmishers or light "shock" close-combat troops), 2,000 Tralles (Illyrians, most likely armed as skirmishers), 1,500 mercenaries of various nationalities and 2,000 cavalry, for a total strength of 25,500 men. Further reading. The battle of Cynoscephalae Weapons they used What? Mike, I echo c-bone's comments and really can't wait for the book. We can agree with Livy's assessment that Antias exaggerates, as, even if those were combined casualties, it would mean the utter annihilation of both armies. Methods/Techniques Rome Macedon New way of Rome Old way of Greece When? We also know that Rome's Aetolian Greek allies sent them 400 cavalry and 6,000 infantry, while the Athamanian Greeks sent 1,200 infantry. Battle of Cynoscephalae, (197 bce ), conclusive engagement of the Second Macedonian War, in which Roman general Titus Quinctius Flamininus checked the territorial ambitions of Philip V of Macedonia and bolstered Roman influence in the Greek world. They fled at first contact with the elephants. +44 (0)1865 727022. Rome's crisis of command had the Second Macedonian War off to a bad start, and there was every indicator that it would mimic the First in an end not particularly favorable to Rome. 11.) 197 BC. These articles provide a great foundation from which to reckon what we already know about the battle, and to use as a jumping off point for a re-examination. The battle of Cynoscephalea of 197 B.C. Galba was replaced by Publius Villius Tappulus, who managed to do even worse, with 2,000 veterans of the Second Punic War under his command mutinying. The fullest recent treatment of the battle is NGL Hammond’s ‘The campaign and Battle of Cynoscephalae 197 BC, JHS, V 108 (1988) 60-62. He then ordered his force to lower their pikes and charge. The Antigonids would ideally deploy their phalanx in four strategia (brigades) in a line, with the most veteran units to the right (likely the peltasts). It was also the first clash of two rival military systems: the Greek spear phalanx and the Roman sword legion. We know little of how the OOB played out on the ground, but can extrapolate from general knowledge of Roman and Antigonid deployments from this period. The Battle of Cynoscephalae is a battle that took place in 197 BC. The situation finally stabilized due to the efforts of the Aetolian cavalry, with the Romans pressed, but holding. One unnamed tribune (A Roman rank approximating a modern field-grade officer) wheeled off less than twenty maniples (Polybius) and attacked the Antigonid right in the rear. Description: English: An animation showing the events of the Battle of Cynoscephalae. Armor Where? Officers or wealthier soldiers may have worn a bronze muscle-cuirass in place of the linothorax. A few days later, on hearing of the battle of Cynoscephalae; the whole of Acarnania submitted to the Roman general. Attitudes quickly soured, however, when Rome occupied "the Fetters of Greece," three pivotal fortresses at Corinth, Chalcis and Demetrias. To see how we use this information about you and how you can unsubscribe from our newsletter subscriptions, view our, Exploring The Battle of Cynoscephalae with Myke Cole (#4), Meet Author Myke Cole as He Blogs His Trip to Greece to Research "Legion vs. Phalanx", Myke Cole's Reading List: The Battles of Cynoscephalae, Thermopylae, and Pydna. It is possible that the twenty maniples Polybius is referring to here are those of the Triarii from the legion and its associated ala, as these would amount to twenty maniples, would be the in the rear of the Roman right, and would be the most veteran and disciplined troops—more likely to break off a pursuit to get back in the fight. 7/8000 gesneuvelden en 4/5000 gevangenen. Rome finally demanded that Philip cease his attempts to annex the holdings of Ptolemy, leave Athens alone, and settle things with Pergamum and Rhodes. The battle on the hills grew fierc… In 198 B.C. These numbers match Livy's statement that the armies were about equal, but conflicts with his statement that the Romans were stronger in cavalry. battle of Cynoscephalae [the ~] noun Related Definitions for "battle of Cynoscephalae": the battle that ended the second Macedonian War (197 BC); the Romans defeated Philip V … Cynoscephalae was the first battle in the campaign of Roman imperialism against Macedonia and the eastern Mediterranean. You take the role of the Roman army as it moves to defeat the Macedonian army of King Philip V of Macedon. Battle of Cynoscephalae.webm 20 s, 1,156 × 810; 2.52 MB Bitwa pod Kynoskefalaj (197 pne)-1 faza.png 275 × 281; 21 KB Bitwa pod Kynoskefalaj (197 pne)-2 faza.png 296 × 281; 20 KB Philip then sent a small force to take the Cynoscephalae hills (coordinates: 39º25'N, 22º34'E). An ancient place, cited: BAtlas 55 D2 Cynoscephalae Show place in AWMC's Antiquity À-la-carte , Google Earth , or Pelagios' Peripleo . 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